This policy report examines the shifting geopolitical dynamics in Southeast Asia, focusing on the rising influence of Russia and China against the traditional dominance of the United States. Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, serves as a significant case study due to its strategic location and economic importance. The analysis explores how these powers utilise different approaches: the US maintains its presence through established soft power mechanisms including cultural exports, while China and Russia are developing their engagement through investments in cultural exchanges, media, and education. The report examines the interplay of soft, hard, and sharp power strategies employed by all major powers to advance their international interests and shape global narratives. Through this lens, the study provides comprehensive insights into the complex dynamics of international relations, media literacy, and demographic factors influencing public opinion in Malaysia. It emphasises the importance of understanding how different powers engage with the region, while highlighting the need for nuanced policy responses that consider Malaysia's diverse ethnic and socioeconomic landscape to enhance national cohesion and governance effectiveness.

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Authors

Dr Benjamin YH Loh

Munira Mustaffa